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Basic Science

Date Author Document
2007 AACE Understanding the Mechanisms of Hyperglycemia for the Inpatient with Diabetes References and Key Readings
2004 ACE ACE Position Statement 2004
2006 ACE-ADA Task Force on Inpatient Diabetes ACE-ADA Task Force on Inpatient Diabetes 2006
2004 Andreelli F Molecular aspects of insulin therapy in critically ill patients
2005 Boden G Free fatty acids and insulin secretion in humans.
2002 Bonnefont-Rousselot D Glucose and reactive oxygen species.
2006 Brownlee M Glycemic variability: a hemoglobin A1c-independent risk factor for diabetic complications.
2006 Ceriello Ceriello
2004 Chaudhuri A Anti-inflammatory and profibrinolytic effect of insulin in acute ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction.
2006 Cheung NW The Hyperglycemia: Intensive Insulin Infusion in Infarction (HI-5) study: a randomized controlled trial of insulin infusion therapy for myocardial infarction.
2005 Choi KM Inflammation, insulin resistance, and glucose intolerance in acute myocardial infarction patients without a previous diagnosis of diabetes mellitus.
2001 Dandona P Insulin inhibits intranuclear nuclear factor kappaB and stimulates IkappaB in mononuclear cells in obese subjects: evidence for an anti-inflammatory effect?
2001 Das UN Is insulin an antiinflammatory molecule?
2005 Devaraj S Hyperglycemia induces monocytic release of interleukin-6 via induction of protein kinase c-{alpha} and -{beta}.
2006 Devos P Glucose, insulin and myocardial ischaemia.
2001 Egan BM Insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease.
2002 Esposito K Inflammatory cytokine concentrations are acutely increased by hyperglycemia in humans: role of oxidative stress.
2004 Evans JL Oxidative stress and stress-activated signaling pathways: a unifying hypothesis of type 2 diabetes.
2000 Golovchenko I Hyperinsulinemia enhances transcriptional activity of nuclear factor-kappaB induced by angiotensin II, hyperglycemia, and advanced glycosylation end products in vascular smooth muscle cells.
2003 Hink U Mechanisms underlying endothelial dysfunction in diabetes mellitus: therapeutic implications.
2004 Hirsch Hirsch
1998 Hofmann MA Insufficient glycemic control increases nuclear factor-kappa B binding activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from patients with type 1 diabetes.
2001 Jouven X Circulating nonesterified fatty acid level as a predictive risk factor for sudden death in the population.
2004 Kitabchi AE Diabetic ketoacidosis induces in vivo activation of human T-lymphocytes.
2005 Krankel N Hyperglycemia reduces survival and impairs function of circulating blood-derived progenitor cells.
2006 Kremen J Increased subcutaneous and epicardial adipose tissue production of proinflammatory cytokines in cardiac surgery patients: possible role in postoperative insulin resistance.
2004 Krogh-Madsen R Effect of hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia on the response of IL-6, TNF-alpha, and FFAs to low-dose endotoxemia in humans.
2005 Langouche L Intensive insulin therapy protects the endothelium of critically ill patients.
2004 LeRoith Le Roith 2004
2006 Lindmark S Insulin resistance, endocrine function and adipokines in type 2 diabetes patients at different glycaemic levels: potential impact for glucotoxicity in vivo.
2005 Mabley JG Role of nitrosative stress and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activation in diabetic vascular dysfunction.
2002 Manzella D Elevated post-prandial free fatty acids are associated with cardiac sympathetic overactivity in Type II diabetic patients.
2004 Mesotten D Contribution of circulating lipids to the improved outcome of critical illness by glycemic control with intensive insulin therapy.
2006 Monnier L Activation of oxidative stress by acute glucose fluctuations compared with sustained chronic hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes.
2004 Monti LD Myocardial insulin resistance associated with chronic hypertriglyceridemia and increased FFA levels in Type 2 diabetic patients.
1998 Nilsson L Unsaturated fatty acids increase plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression in endothelial cells.
2004 Pickkers P Hypothesis: Normalisation of cytokine dysbalance explains the favourable effects of strict glucose regulation in the critically ill
2004 Piconi L Intermittent high glucose enhances ICAM-1, VCAM-1, E-selectin and interleukin-6 expression in human umbilical endothelial cells in culture: the role of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase.
2003 Quagliaro L Intermittent high glucose enhances apoptosis related to oxidative stress in human umbilical vein endothelial cells: the role of protein kinase C and NAD(P)H-oxidase activation.
2004 Robinson LE Insulin resistance and hyperglycemia in critical illness: role of insulin in glycemic control.
2005 Schalkwijk CG Vascular complications in diabetes mellitus: the role of endothelial dysfunction.
2003 Schiekofer S Acute hyperglycemia causes intracellular formation of CML and activation of ras, p42/44 MAPK, and nuclear factor kappaB in PBMCs.
2004 Simkova R Effect of acute hyperglycaemia on sodium handling and excretion of nitric oxide metabolites, bradykinin, and cGMP in Type 1 diabetes mellitus.
2003 Staehr P Effects of free fatty acids per se on glucose production, gluconeogenesis, and glycogenolysis.
1997 Steinberg HO Elevated circulating free fatty acid levels impair endothelium-dependent vasodilation.
2005 Stentz FB Hyperglycemia-induced activation of human T-lymphocytes with de novo emergence of insulin receptors and generation of reactive oxygen species.
2004 Stentz FB Proinflammatory cytokines, markers of cardiovascular risks, oxidative stress, and lipid peroxidation in patients with hyperglycemic crises.
2006 Sudic D High glucose levels enhance platelet activation: involvement of multiple mechanisms
2005 Taylor JH Hyperglycemia in the intensive care unit: no longer just a marker of illness severity.
2003 Tripathy D Elevation of free fatty acids induces inflammation and impairs vascular reactivity in healthy subjects.
2006 Vaidyula VR Effects of hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia on circulating tissue factor procoagulant activity and platelet CD40 ligand.
2005 Vanhorebeek I Glycemic and nonglycemic effects of insulin: how do they contribute to a better outcome of critical illness?
2007 Worthley MI The deleterious effects of hyperglycemia on platelet function in diabetic patients with acute coronary syndromes mediation by superoxide production, resolution with intensive insulin administration.
2006 Wright E Jr Oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes: the role of fasting and postprandial glycaemia.
2005 Xu B Inhibition of human endothelial cell nitric oxide synthesis by advanced glycation end-products but not glucose: relevance to diabetes.

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Clinical Evidence

Date Author Document
2007 AACE References and Key Readings
2004 AACE Ace Position Statement 2004
2005 Ainla T The association between hyperglycaemia on admission and 180-day mortality in acute myocardial infarction patients with and without diabetes
2007 Anthony M Treatment of hypoglycemia in hospitalized adults: a descriptive study
2004 Antman EM ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction--executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 1999 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction).
2006 Baker EH Hyperglycaemia is associated with poor outcomes in patients admitted to hospital with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
2004 Bartnik M The prevalence of abnormal glucose regulation in patients with coronary artery disease across Europe. The Euro Heart Survey on diabetes and the heart
2007 Becker T Clinical outcomes associated with the use of subcutaneous insulin-by-glucose sliding scales to manage hyperglycemia in hospitalized patients with pneumonia
2002 Bhattacharyya A In-patient management of diabetes mellitus and patient satisfaction
2005 Bochicchio Persistent hyperglycemia is predictive of outcome in critically ill trauma patients.
2001 Bolk J Impaired glucose metabolism predicts mortality after a myocardial infarction
1997 Braunwald E Shattuck lecture--cardiovascular medicine at the turn of the millennium: triumphs, concerns, and opportunities
2008 Brunkhorst FM Intensive insulin therapy and pentastarch resuscitation in severe sepsis
2001 Capes SE Stress hyperglycemia and prognosis of stroke in nondiabetic and diabetic patients: a systematic overview
2000 Capes SE Stress hyperglycaemia and increased risk of death after myocardial infarction in patients with and without diabetes: a systematic overview
2006 Cheung NW The Hyperglycemia: Intensive Insulin Infusion in Infarction (HI-5) study: a randomized controlled trial of insulin infusion therapy for myocardial infarction
2005 Cheung NW Hyperglycemia is associated with adverse outcomes in patients receiving total parenteral nutrition
2007 Clement S Better glycemic control in the hospital: beneficial and feasible
2007 Cohen LS Inpatient diabetes management: examining morning practice in an acute care setting
2005 Conaway DG Frequency of undiagnosed diabetes mellitus in patients with acute coronary syndrome
2008 Cook CB Beliefs about hospital diabetes and perceived barriers to glucose management among inpatient midlevel practitioners
2007 Cook CB Diabetes care in hospitalized noncritically ill patients: More evidence for clinical inertia and negative therapeutic momentum
2007 Cook CB Inpatient point-of-care bedside glucose testing: preliminary data on use of connectivity informatics to measure hospital glycemic control
2007 Cook CB Management of inpatient hyperglycemia: assessing perceptions and barriers to care among resident physicians
2007 Cook CB Working to improve care of hospital hyperglycemia through statewide collaboration: the Georgia Hospital Association Diabetes Special Interest Group
2006 Donihi Donihi 2006
2007 Elinav H In-hospital treatment of hyperglycemia: effects of intensified subcutaneous insulin treatment
2003 Estrada CA Outcomes and perioperative hyperglycemia in patients with or without diabetes mellitus undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting
2006 Fonseca Newly diagnosed diabetes/hyperglycemia in hospitals: what should we do?
2006 Frontera JA Hyperglycemia after SAH: predictors, associated complications, and impact on outcome
2004 Furnary Furnary 2004
2003 Furnary AP Continuous insulin infusion reduces mortality in patients with diabetes undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting
1999 Furnary AP Continuous intravenous insulin infusion reduces the incidence of deep sternal wound infection in diabetic patients after cardiac surgical procedures
2007 Gandhi GY Intensive intraoperative insulin therapy versus conventional glucose management during cardiac surgery: a randomized trial.
2004 Garber Garber 2004
2007 Gray Gray 2007
2007 Green Conaway DL Assessment of and physician response to glycemic control in diabetic patients presenting with an acute coronary syndrome
2004 Grey Grey 2004
2007 Hassan E Hyperglycemia management in the hospital setting
2007 Held C Glucose levels predict hospitalization for congestive heart failure in patients at high cardiovascular risk
2006 Hirsch Hirsch_2006
2004 Hirsch Hirsch_2004
2007 Hovorka R Blood glucose control by a model predictive control algorithm with variable sampling rate versus a routine glucose management protocol in cardiac surgery patients: a randomized controlled trial
2005 Ishihara M Acute hyperglycemia is associated with adverse outcome after acute myocardial infarction in the coronary intervention era
2007 Karon BS Accuracy of roche accu-chek inform whole blood capillary, arterial, and venous glucose values in patients receiving intensive intravenous insulin therapy after cardiac surgery
2008 Kitabchi AE Evidence for strict inpatient blood glucose control: time to revise glycemic goals in hospitalized patients
2006 Knecht LA Diabetes care in the hospital: is there clinical inertia?
2006 Korykowski Korytkowski 2006
2005 Kosiborod M Admission glucose and mortality in elderly patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction: implications for patients with and without recognized diabetes
2004 Krinsley JS Effect of an intensive glucose management protocol on the mortality of critically ill adult patients.
2003 Krinsley JS Association between hyperglycemia and increased hospital mortality in a heterogeneous population of critically ill patients
2007 Lansang MC Knowledge on inpatient diabetes among fourth-year medical students
2001 Latham R The association of diabetes and glucose control with surgical-site infections among cardiothoracic surgery patients
2004 Lazar HL Tight glycemic control in diabetic coronary artery bypass graft patients improves perioperative outcomes and decreases recurrent ischemic events
2004 Levetan Levetan_2004
2003 Lewis EF Predictors of late development of heart failure in stable survivors of myocardial infarction: the CARE study
2005 Lukins MB Hyperglycemia in patients administered dexamethasone for craniotomy
2005 Malmberg K Intense metabolic control by means of insulin in patients with diabetes mellitus and acute myocardial infarction (DIGAMI 2): effects on mortality and morbidity
2004 Malmberg Malmberg_2004
1999 Malmberg K Glycometabolic state at admission: important risk marker of mortality in conventionally treated patients with diabetes mellitus and acute myocardial infarction
1997 Malmberg K Prospective randomised study of intensive insulin treatment on long term survival after acute myocardial infarction in patients with diabetes mellitus
1995 Malmberg K Randomized trial of insulin-glucose infusion followed by subcutaneous insulin treatment in diabetic patients with acute myocardial infarction (DIGAMI study): effects on mortality at 1 year
1988 Malmberg K Myocardial infarction in patients with diabetes mellitus
2008 Matheny ME Treatment intensification and blood glucose control among hospitalized diabetic patients
2005 McAlister FA The relation between hyperglycemia and outcomes in 2,471 patients admitted to the hospital with community-acquired pneumonia
2005 Mehta SR Effect of glucose-insulin-potassium infusion on mortality in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: the CREATE-ECLA randomized controlled trial
2008 Mills RD Evaluation of diabetes management in a rural community hospital
2006 Moghissi Moghissi 2006
2004 Moghissi Hospital Management of Diabetes
2004 Moghissi E Hospital Management of Diabetes “Beyond the Sliding Scale"
2001 Mukamal KJ Impact of diabetes on long-term survival after acute myocardial infarction: comparability of risk with prior myocardial infarction
2004 Norhammar A Diabetes mellitus: the major risk factor in unstable coronary artery disease even after consideration of the extent of coronary artery disease and benefits of revascularization
2003 Norhammar A Under utilisation of evidence-based treatment partially explains for the unfavourable prognosis in diabetic patients with acute myocardial infarction
2002 Norhammar A Glucose metabolism in patients with acute myocardial infarction and no previous diagnosis of diabetes mellitus: a prospective study
2006 Olson Olson 2006
2006 Pittas AG Insulin therapy and in-hospital mortality in critically ill patients: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
2004 Pittas AG Insulin therapy for critically ill hospitalized patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
1998 Pomposelli JJ Early postoperative glucose control predicts nosocomial infection rate in diabetic patients
2005 Rady MY Influence of individual characteristics on outcome of glycemic control in intensive care unit patients with or without diabetes mellitus
2007 Rea RS Implementing an intravenous insulin infusion protocol in the intensive care unit
2007 Reed CC Intensive insulin protocol improves glucose control and is associated with a reduction in intensive care unit mortality
2007 Reynolds LR An institutional process to improve inpatient glycemic control
2002 Sala Short-term mortality of myocardial infarction patients with diabetes or hyperglycemia during admission
2006 Schmelz Schmelz 2006
2004 Timmer JR Prognostic value of admission glucose in non-diabetic patients with myocardial infarction
2008 Treggiari MM Intensive insulin therapy and mortality in critically ill patients
2003 Trence DL The rationale and management of hyperglycemia for in-patients with cardiovascular disease: time for change
2008 Trujillo JM Improving glycemic control in medical inpatients: a pilot study
2007 Umpierrez GE Randomized study of basal-bolus insulin therapy in the inpatient management of patients with type 2 diabetes (RABBIT 2 trial).
2007 Umpierrez GE Sliding scale insulin use: myth or insanity?
2002 Umpierrez GE Hyperglycemia: an independent marker of in-hospital mortality in patients with undiagnosed diabetes.
2006 Van den Berghe G Analysis of healthcare resource utilization with intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients.
2006 Van den Berghe G Intensive insulin therapy in the medical ICU.
2005 Van den Berghe G Insulin therapy protects the central and peripheral nervous system of intensive care patients
2003 Van den Berghe G Outcome benefit of intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill: Insulin dose versus glycemic control
2001 Van den Berghe G Intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill patients.
2006 Vanhorebeek Vanhorebeek 2006
2002 Wahab NN Is blood glucose an independent predictor of mortality in acute myocardial infarction in the thrombolytic era
2007 Wheeler K Inpatient to outpatient transfer of diabetes care: perceptions of barriers to postdischarge followup in urban African American patients
2003 Yendamuri S Admission hyperglycemia as a prognostic indicator in trauma
1989 Young B Relationship between admission hyperglycemia and neurologic outcome of severely brain-injured patients.
1997 Zerr KJ Glucose control lowers the risk of wound infection in diabetics after open heart operations

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Dietary / Nutrition

Date Author Document
2008 AACE References and Key Readings
2004 ACE Task Force on Inpatient Diabetes ACE Task Force on Inpatient Diabetes 2004
2006 ACE-ADA Task Force ACE-ADA Task Force on Inpatient Diabetes 2006
2000 American Diabetes Association Translation of the diabetes nutrition recommendations for health care institutions.
2007 Boucher JL Inpatient management of diabetes and hyperglycemia: implications for nutrition practice and the food and nutrition professional.
2005 Cheung NW Hyperglycemia is associated with adverse outcomes in patients receiving total parenteral nutrition.
2004 Clement Management of diabetes and hyperglycemia in Hospitals
2007 Cohen LS Inpatient diabetes management: examining morning practice in an acute care setting
2005 Leon-Sanz M Glycemic and lipid control in hospitalized type 2 diabetic patients: evaluation of 2 enteral nutrition formulas (low carbohydrate-high monounsaturated fat vs high carbohydrate).
2006 McMahon MM Glycemic control and nutrition in the intensive care unit
2005 Moghissi Hospital Management of Diabetes
2004 Moghissi Hospital Management of Diabetes “Beyond the Sliding Scale"
2006 Swift Swift 2006
2006 Xia C Mealtimes in hospital--who does what?

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Glucometrics

Date Author Document
2009 AACE Key Readings
2007 AACE What Are Glucometrics
2004 ACE Task Force on Inpatient Diabetes ACE Task Force on Inpatient Diabetes 2004
2006 ACE-ADA Task Force on Inpatient Diabetes ACE-ADA Task Force on Inpatient Diabetes 2006
2005 Bergenstal RM Impact of modem-transferred blood glucose data on clinician work efficiency and patient glycemic control.
2007 Cook CB Inpatient point-of-care bedside glucose testing: preliminary data on use of connectivity informatics to measure hospital glycemic control
2007 Dungan K Glucose measurement: confounding issues in setting targets for inpatient management.
2006 Goldberg PA "Glucometrics"--assessing the quality of inpatient glucose management.
2004 Goldberg PA Experience with the continuous glucose monitoring system in a medical intensive care unit
2007 JCAHO Web-Based Glucometrics for Inpatients
2008 Kosiborod M Glucometrics in patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction: defining the optimal outcomes-based measure of risk
2006 Peeples Peeples 2006
2005 Rood E Use of a computerized guideline for glucose regulation in the intensive care unit improved both guideline adherence and glucose regulation.
2008 AACE Key Readings

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Glycemic Targets

Date Author Document
2004 ACE ACE 2004
2004 ACE ACE Position Statement 2004
2006 ACE-ADA Task Force on Inpatient Diabetes ACE-ADA Task Force on Inpatient Diabetes 2006
2007 ADA ADA Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes
2006 Hirsch Hirsch 2006

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Health Economics & Administration

Date Author Document
2008 AACE References and Key Readings
2004 Abourizk NN Inpatient diabetology. The new frontier.
2004 ACE ACE Position Statement 2004
2004 ACE ACE Task Force on Inpatient Diabetes 2004
2006 ACE/ADA ACE-ADA Task Force on Inpatient Diabetes 2006
2004 Ahmann Ahmann 2004
2000 Capes SE Stress hyperglycaemia and increased risk of death after myocardial infarction in patients with and without diabetes: a systematic overview.
2004 Clement S Management of diabetes and hyperglycemia in hospitals.
2006 Devos P Is it time for implementation of tight glycaemia control by intensive insulin therapy in every ICU?
2003 Estrada CA Outcomes and perioperative hyperglycemia in patients with or without diabetes mellitus undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting.
2006 Falciglia Falciglia 2006
2006 Furnary Furnary 2006
2004 Furnary Furnary 2004
2003 Furnary AP Continuous insulin infusion reduces mortality in patients with diabetes undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting.
1999 Furnary AP Continuous intravenous insulin infusion reduces the incidence of deep sternal wound infection in diabetic patients after cardiac surgical procedures.
2004 Garber Garber 2004
2001 Gilman JA A quality improvement project for better glycemic control in hospitalized patients with diabetes.
2004 Grey Grey 2004
2003 Hogan P Economic costs of diabetes in the US in 2002.
1997 Koproski J Effects of an intervention by a diabetes team in hospitalized patients with diabetes.
2006 Krinsley JS Cost analysis of intensive glycemic control in critically ill adult patients.
2004 Krinsley JS Effect of an intensive glucose management protocol on the mortality of critically ill adult patients.
2003 Krinsley JS Association between hyperglycemia and increased hospital mortality in a heterogeneous population of critically ill patients.
2004 Levetan Levetan 2004
1998 Levetan CS Unrecognized diabetes among hospitalized patients
2001 Menzin J Potential short-term economic benefits of improved glycemic control: a managed care perspective.
2006 Newton Newton 2006
2006 Olson Olson 2006
2002 Umpierrez GE Hyperglycemia: an independent marker of in-hospital mortality in patients with undiagnosed diabetes.
2006 Van den Berghe G Analysis of healthcare resource utilization with intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients.
2004 Van den Berghe Van Den Berghe 2004
2001 Van den Berghe G Intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill patients.
2001 Wagner EH Effect of improved glycemic control on health care costs and utilization.
1997 Zerr KJ Glucose control lowers the risk of wound infection in diabetics after open heart operations.
2004 Diabetes QI program cuts complications by 60%

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Inpatient - ICU

Date Author Document
2008 AACE Key References and Suggested Reading List
2004 ACE ACE Position Statement 2004
2006 ACE-ADA ACE-ADA 2006
2007 Anthony M Treatment of hypoglycemia in hospitalized adults: a descriptive study
2004 Bode Bode 2004
2006 Braithwaite Braithwaite 2006
2004 Braithwaite Braithwaite 2004
2008 Brunkhorst FM Intensive insulin therapy and pentastarch resuscitation in severe sepsis
2004 Clement S Management of diabetes and hyperglycemia in hospitals.
2007 Cook Cook 2007
2006 DeSantis DeSantis 2006
2006 Furnary AP Effects of outcome on in-hospital transition from intravenous insulin infusion to subcutaneous therapy.
2006 Furnary Furnary 2006
2004 Furnary Furnary 2004
2006 Georgia Hospital Association Georgia Hospital Association Diabetes Special Interest Group Website
2006 Goldberg Goldberg 2006
2004 Goldberg PA Implementation of a safe and effective insulin infusion protocol in a medical intensive care unit.
2006 Hellman Hellman 2006
2004 Hellman Hellman 2004
2006 Hirsch Hirsch 2006
2007 Hovorka R Blood glucose control by a model predictive control algorithm with variable sampling rate versus a routine glucose management protocol in cardiac surgery patients: a randomized controlled trial
2007 Karon BS Accuracy of roche accu-chek inform whole blood capillary, arterial, and venous glucose values in patients receiving intensive intravenous insulin therapy after cardiac surgery
2006 Korytkowski Korytkowski 2006
2008 Kosiborod M Glucometrics in patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction: defining the optimal outcomes-based measure of risk
2005 Krinsley JS Effect of an intensive glucose management protocol on the mortality of critically ill adult patients.
2005 Ku SY New insulin infusion protocol Improves blood glucose control in hospitalized patients without increasing hypoglycemia.
2007 Langley J Insulin-based regimens decrease mortality rates in critically ill patients: a systematic review.
2004 Magee Magee 2004
2005 Malmberg K Intense metabolic control by means of insulin in patients with diabetes mellitus and acute myocardial infarction (DIGAMI 2): effects on mortality and morbidity.
2004 Malmberg Malmberg 2004
1999 Malmberg K Glycometabolic state at admission: important risk marker of mortality in conventionally treated patients with diabetes mellitus and acute myocardial infarction: long-term results from the Diabetes and Insulin-Glucose Infusion in Acute Myocardial Infarction (DIGAMI) study.
1997 Malmberg K Prospective randomised study of intensive insulin treatment on long term survival after acute myocardial infarction in patients with diabetes mellitus. DIGAMI (Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin Glucose Infusion in Acute Myocardial Infarction) Study Group.
1997 Malmberg Role of insulin infusion in outcomes after acute myocardial infarction
2002 Markovitz Markovitz 2002
2005 Moghissi Hospital Management of Diabetes
2004 Moghissi Hospital Management of Diabetes “Beyond the Sliding Scale"
2007 Nazer Nazer 2007
2006 Olson Olson 2006
2006 Pittas AG Insulin therapy and in-hospital mortality in critically ill patients: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
2004 Pittas AG Insulin therapy for critically ill hospitalized patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
2007 Reed CC Intensive insulin protocol improves glucose control and is associated with a reduction in intensive care unit mortality
2008 Treggiari MM Intensive insulin therapy and mortality in critically ill patients
2006 Van den Berghe Intensive insulin therapy in the medical ICU
2006 Van den Berghe G Intensive insulin therapy in mixed medical/surgical intensive care units: benefit versus harm.
2005 Van den Berghe G Insulin therapy protects the central and peripheral nervous system of intensive care patients.
2004 Van den Berghe Van den Berghe 2004
2003 Van den Berghe G Outcome benefit of intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill: Insulin dose versus glycemic control.
2001 Van den Berghe G Intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill patients.
2006 Vanhorebeek Vanhorebeek 2006
2006 Vriesendorp TM Predisposing factors for hypoglycemia in the intensive care unit.
1982 White NH Practical closed-loop insulin delivery. A system for the maintenance of overnight euglycemia and the calculation of basal insulin requirements in insulin-dependent diabetics.
2007 Umpierrez GE Randomized study of basal-bolus insulin therapy in the inpatient management of patients with type 2 diabetes (RABBIT 2 trial).
2007 Umpierrez GE Sliding scale insulin use: myth or insanity?

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Inpatient - Non ICU

Date Author Document
2008 AACE References and Key Readings
2004 Abourizk NN Inpatient diabetology. The new frontier.
2004 ACE ACE Position Statement 2004
2006 ACE-ADA ACE-ADA 2006
2006 Amin A Improving the management of patients after myocardial infarction, from admission to discharge.
2007 Anthony M Treatment of hypoglycemia in hospitalized adults: a descriptive study
2006 Baker EH Hyperglycaemia is associated with poor outcomes in patients admitted to hospital with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
2007 Becker T Clinical outcomes associated with the use of subcutaneous insulin-by-glucose sliding scales to manage hyperglycemia in hospitalized patients with pneumonia
2004 Braithwaite Braithwaite 2004
1999 Cali BM smg-7 is required for mRNA surveillance in Caenorhabditis elegans.
2004 Clement S Management of diabetes and hyperglycemia in hospitals.
2005 Conaway DG Frequency of undiagnosed diabetes mellitus in patients with acute coronary syndrome.
2007 Cook Cook 2007
2003 Estrada CA Outcomes and perioperative hyperglycemia in patients with or without diabetes mellitus undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting.
2006 Fonseca Newly diagnosed diabetes/hyperglycemia in hospitals: what should we do?
2004 Furnary Furnary 2004
2003 Furnary AP Continuous insulin infusion reduces mortality in patients with diabetes undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting.
1999 Furnary AP Continuous intravenous insulin infusion reduces the incidence of deep sternal wound infection in diabetic patients after cardiac surgical procedures.
1999 Golden SH Perioperative glycemic control and the risk of infectious complications in a cohort of adults with diabetes.
2007 Hassan E Hyperglycemia management in the hospital setting
2006 Hellman Hellman 2006
2004 Hellman Hellman 2004
2006 Korytkowski Korytkowski 2006
2005 Ku SY New insulin infusion protocol Improves blood glucose control in hospitalized patients without increasing hypoglycemia.
2001 Latham The association of diabetes and glucose control with surgical site infection among cardiothoracic surgery patients
2006 Leahy Leahy 2006
2004 Magee Magee 2004
2008 Matheny ME Treatment intensification and blood glucose control among hospitalized diabetic patients
2005 McAlister FA The relation between hyperglycemia and outcomes in 2,471 patients admitted to the hospital with community-acquired pneumonia.
2005 Moghissi Hospital Management of Diabetes
2004 Moghissi Hospital Management of Diabetes “Beyond the Sliding Scale"
1998 Pomposelli JJ Early postoperative glucose control predicts nosocomial infection rate in diabetic patients.
1997 Queale WS Glycemic control and sliding scale insulin use in medical inpatients with diabetes mellitus.
2006 Schnipper JL Inpatient management of diabetes and hyperglycemia among general medicine patients at a large teaching hospital.
2007 Umpierrez GE Randomized study of basal-bolus insulin therapy in the inpatient management of patients with type 2 diabetes (RABBIT 2 trial).
2007 Umpierrez GE Sliding scale insulin use: myth or insanity?
2002 Umpierrez GE Hyperglycemia: an independent marker of in-hospital mortality in patients with undiagnosed diabetes.

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Labor and Delivery

Date Author Document
2007 AACE Does Glycemic Control Matter During Labor and Delivery?
2007 AACE Insulin Dosage Regimen for Diabetic Pregnancy
2004 ACE Task Force In Inpatient Diabetes ACE Task Force In Inpatient Diabetes 2004
2006 ACE-ADA Task Force ACE-ADA Task Force on Inpatient Diabetes 2006
1970 Anderson GG Hypertonic glucose infusion during labor. Effect on acid-base status, fetal heart rate, and uterine contractions.
2000 Balsells M Gestational diabetes mellitus: metabolic control during labour.
2003 Blanks AM The role of oxytocin in parturition.
1982 Caplan RH Constant intravenous insulin infusion during labor and delivery in diabetes mellitus.
2003 Condon JC A decline in the levels of progesterone receptor coactivators in the pregnant uterus at term may antagonize progesterone receptor function and contribute to the initiation of parturition.
2001 Di WL Oestriol and oestradiol increase cell to cell communication and connexin43 protein expression in human myometrium.
2006 Dobak WJ Late preterm gestation: physiology of labor and implications for delivery.
1982 Golde SH Insulin requirements during labor: a reappraisal.
2001 Jaffe RB Role of the human fetal adrenal gland in the initiation of parturition.
2004 Jovanovic Jovanovic 2004
1983 Jovanovic L Insulin and glucose requirements during the first stage of labor in insulin-dependent diabetic women.
2003 Laudanski T Oxytocin and fetal membranes in preterm labor: current concepts and clinical implication.
1972 Oakley NW Effect of sustained maternal hyperglycaemia on the fetus in normal and diabetic pregnancies.
2001 Osmond DT Placental glucose transport and utilisation is altered at term in insulin-treated, gestational-diabetic patients.
2001 Reis FM Human placenta as a source of neuroendocrine factors.
2003 Ribeiro ML Effects of in vivo administration of epidermal growth factor (EGF) on uterine contractility, prostaglandin production and timing of parturition in rats.
1966 Romney SL Maternal glucose loading in the management of fetal distress.
2001 Svare JA Perinatal complications in women with gestational diabetes mellitus.
1966 Takeda Y Effects of maternal glucose loading upon induced fetal distress.
2001 Umezaki H Fetectomy alters maternal pituitary-adrenal function in pregnant rhesus macaques.
2006 Vidaeff AC From concept to practice: the recent history of preterm delivery prevention. Part II: Subclinical infection and hormonal effects.
2002 Vogel I S-relaxin as a predictor of preterm delivery in women with symptoms of preterm labour.
2005 Walkinshaw SA Pregnancy in women with pre-existing diabetes: management issues.
1977 West TE Control of blood glucose during labour in diabetic women with combined glucose and low-dose insulin infusion.
1978 White P Classification of obstetric diabetes.
1978 Yeast JD The use of continuous insulin infusion for the peripartum management of pregnant diabetic women.

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Models of Implementation

Date Author Document
2008 AACE References and Key Readings
2004 ACE Task Force on Inpatient Diabetes ACE Task Force on Inpatient Diabetes 2004
2006 ACE/ADA ACE-ADA 2006
2006 ACE-ADA Task Force on Inpatient Diabetes ACE-ADA Task Force on Inpatient Diabetes 2006
2006 ACE/ADA Task Force on Inpatient Diabetes American College of Endocrinology and American Diabetes Association Consensus statement on inpatient diabetes and glycemic control: A call to action.
2007 Becker T Clinical outcomes associated with the use of subcutaneous insulin-by-glucose sliding scales to manage hyperglycemia in hospitalized patients with pneumonia
2007 Cook CB Diabetes care in hospitalized noncritically ill patients: More evidence for clinical inertia and negative therapeutic momentum
2007 Cook CB Management of inpatient hyperglycemia: assessing perceptions and barriers to care among resident physicians
2007 Cook CB Working to improve care of hospital hyperglycemia through statewide collaboration: the Georgia Hospital Association Diabetes Special Interest Group
2006 DeSantis DeSantis 2006
2006 Donaldson S Rush University guidelines and protocols for the management of hyperglycemia in hospitalized patients: elimination of the sliding scale and improvement of glycemic control throughout the hospital.
2006 Donihi AC Use of a standardized protocol to decrease medication errors and adverse events related to sliding scale insulin.
2006 Falciglia Falciglia 2006
2006 Fraser DD Collaborative development of an insulin nomogram for intensive insulin therapy.
2004 Goldberg PA Experience with the continuous glucose monitoring system in a medical intensive care unit.
2004 Hellman Hellman 2004
2007 Krinsley JS Translating evidence into practice in managing inpatient hyperglycemia.
2003 Krinsley JS Association between hyperglycemia and increased hospital mortality in a heterogeneous population of critically ill patients.
2005 Ku SY New insulin infusion protocol Improves blood glucose control in hospitalized patients without increasing hypoglycemia.
2007 Lansang MC Knowledge on inpatient diabetes among fourth-year medical students
1998 Levetan CS Unrecognized diabetes among hospitalized patients.
2004 Magee Magee 2004
2002 Markovitz Markovitz 2002
2008 Matheny ME Treatment intensification and blood glucose control among hospitalized diabetic patients
2008 Mills RD Evaluation of diabetes management in a rural community hospital
2005 Moghissi ES Hospital management of diabetes.
2006 Newton Newton 2006
2006 Olson Olson 2006
2006 Osburne RC Improving hyperglycemia management in the intensive care unit: preliminary report of a nurse-driven quality improvement project using a redesigned insulin infusion algorithm.
2007 Reynolds LR An institutional process to improve inpatient glycemic control
2008 Trujillo JM Improving glycemic control in medical inpatients: a pilot study

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Nursing

Date Author Document
2008 AACE Key References and Suggested Reading
2006 ACE-ADA Task Force ACE-ADA Task Force on Inpatient Diabetes 2006
2004 ACE Task Force on Inpatient Diabetes ACE Task Force on Inpatient Diabetes 2004
2007 Anthony M Treatment of hypoglycemia in hospitalized adults: a descriptive study
2007 Becker T Clinical outcomes associated with the use of subcutaneous insulin-by-glucose sliding scales to manage hyperglycemia in hospitalized patients with pneumonia
2004 Braithwaite Braithwaite 2004
2004 Clement S Management of diabetes and hyperglycemia in hospitals.
2004 DiNardo MM The importance of normoglycemia in critically ill patients
2006 Haas Haas 2006
2000 Hadaway LC Managing i.v. therapy: "high-alert" drugs keep nurse managers ever watchful.
2003 Heatlie JM Reducing insulin medication errors: evaluation of a quality improvement initiative.
2006 Hellman Hellman 2006
2004 Hellman Hellman 2004
2004 Hess-Fischl A Practical management of patient with diabetes in critical care. From a diabetes educator's perspective.
2007 Karon BS Accuracy of roche accu-chek inform whole blood capillary, arterial, and venous glucose values in patients receiving intensive intravenous insulin therapy after cardiac surgery
2006 Korytkowski Korytkowski 2006
2004 Lee SW Current perspectives on the use of continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in the acute care setting and overview of therapy.
2004 Magee Magee 2004
2005 Manning EH An evaluation of the timing between key insulin administration-related processes: the reasons why these processes happen when they do, and how to improve their timing.
2005 Moghissi Hospital Management of Diabetes
2004 Moghissi Hospital Management of Diabetes “Beyond the Sliding Scale"
2004 Pollom RK Utilization of a multidisciplinary team for inpatient diabetes care.
2004 Roberts SR Benefits and methods of achieving strict glycemic control in the ICU.
2006 Spollett Spollett 2006
2006 Vriesendorp TM Predisposing factors for hypoglycemia in the intensive care unit.
2003 Walker R Managing diabetes in the hospital setting: a nurse-patient partnership.

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Pharmacy Medications

Date Author Document
2008 AACE References and Key Readings
2005 ACE-AACE ACE-AACE 2005
2006 ACE-ADA ACE-ADA 2006
2006 ACE-ADA Task Force on Inpatient Diabetes ACE-ADA Task Force on Inpatient Diabetes 2006
2006 ACE/ADA Task Force on Inpatient Diabetes American College of Endocrinology and American Diabetes Association Consensus statement on inpatient diabetes and glycemic control: A call to action.
2007 Anthony M Treatment of hypoglycemia in hospitalized adults: a descriptive study
2007 Becker T Clinical outcomes associated with the use of subcutaneous insulin-by-glucose sliding scales to manage hyperglycemia in hospitalized patients with pneumonia
2004 Braithwaite Braithwaite 2004
2006 Christianson MA Determinants of insulin availability in parenteral nutrition solutions.
2004 Clement S Management of diabetes and hyperglycemia in Hospitals
2006 Donihi AC Use of a standardized protocol to decrease medication errors and adverse events related to sliding scale insulin.
2007 Hassan E Hyperglycemia management in the hospital setting
2006 Hellman Hellman 2006
2004 Hellman Hellman 2004
2005 Hirsch IB Insulin analogues.
2006 Inzucchi SE Clinical practice. Management of hyperglycemia in the hospital setting.
2006 Korythowski Korythowski 2006
2006 Koski RR Practical review of oral antihyperglycemic agents for type 2 diabetes mellitus.
2006 Krentz AJ Comparative safety of newer oral antidiabetic drugs.
2006 Krinsley JS Cost analysis of intensive glycemic control in critically ill adult patients.
2004 Krinsley JS Effect of an intensive glucose management protocol on the mortality of critically ill adult patients.
2006 Leahy JL Basal-prandial insulin therapy: Scientific concept review and application.
2006 Newton Newton 2006
1997 Queale WS. Glycemic control and sliding scale insulin use in medical inpatients with diabetes mellitus.
2007 Rea RS Implementing an intravenous insulin infusion protocol in the intensive care unit
2004 Runy LA A guide to the safer use of dangerous medications. High-Alert medications.
2004 Rusavy Z Effects of carrier solution on insulin bioavailability.Effects of carrier solution on insulin bioavailability.
2002 Salpeter S Risk of fatal and nonfatal lactic acidosis with metformin use in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
2002 Schutta MH Reducing mistakes in patient administration of glargine and lispro.

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Transitioning - Inpatient to outpatient

Date Author Document
2007 AACE Challenges in Effective Discharge Planning for Hospitalized Patients with Diabetes References and Key Readings
2004 ACE Task Force In Inpatient Diabetes ACE Task Force In Inpatient Diabetes 2004
2006 ACE-ADA Task Force ACE-ADA Task Force on Inpatient Diabetes 2006
2005 Berlin I Identification of factors associated with impaired hypoglycaemia awareness in patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
2004 Clement S Management of diabetes and hyperglycemia in Hospitals
2005 Davidson J Strategies for improving glycemic control: effective use of glucose monitoring.
2004 Dolovich LR The Diabetes Continuity of Care Scale: the development and initial evaluation of a questionnaire that measures continuity of care from the patient perspective.
2005 Dromgoole P Adjusting diabetes management regimens in response to illness.
2006 Fonseca Fonseca 2006
2005 Hirsch IB Insulin Analogues
2006 Meece J Dispelling myths and removing barriers about insulin in type 2 diabetes.
2004 Murata GH Hypoglycemia in type 2 diabetes: a critical review.
2006 Naithani S Patients' perceptions and experiences of 'continuity of care' in diabetes.
2004 Wheeler K Inpatient to outpatient transfer of care in urban patients with diabetes: patterns and determinants of immediate postdischarge follow-up.

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American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists

Inpatient Glycemic Control Resource Center

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Transitioning - Inpatient to outpatient