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Basic Science

Date Author Document
2007 AACE  Understanding the Mechanisms of Hyperglycemia for the Inpatient with Diabetes References and Key Readings
2004 ACE  ACE Position Statement 2004
2006 ACE-ADA Task Force on Inpatient Diabetes  ACE-ADA Task Force on Inpatient Diabetes 2006
2004 Andreelli F Molecular aspects of insulin therapy in critically ill patients
2005 Boden G Free fatty acids and insulin secretion in humans.
2002 Bonnefont-Rousselot D Glucose and reactive oxygen species.
2006 Brownlee M Glycemic variability: a hemoglobin A1c-independent risk factor for diabetic complications.
2006 Ceriello  Ceriello
2004 Chaudhuri A Anti-inflammatory and profibrinolytic effect of insulin in acute ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction.
2006 Cheung NW The Hyperglycemia: Intensive Insulin Infusion in Infarction (HI-5) study: a randomized controlled trial of insulin infusion therapy for myocardial infarction.
2005 Choi KM Inflammation, insulin resistance, and glucose intolerance in acute myocardial infarction patients without a previous diagnosis of diabetes mellitus.
2001 Dandona P Insulin inhibits intranuclear nuclear factor kappaB and stimulates IkappaB in mononuclear cells in obese subjects: evidence for an anti-inflammatory effect?
2001 Das UN Is insulin an antiinflammatory molecule?
2005 Devaraj S Hyperglycemia induces monocytic release of interleukin-6 via induction of protein kinase c-{alpha} and -{beta}.
2006 Devos P Glucose, insulin and myocardial ischaemia.
2001 Egan BM Insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease.
2002 Esposito K Inflammatory cytokine concentrations are acutely increased by hyperglycemia in humans: role of oxidative stress.
2004 Evans JL Oxidative stress and stress-activated signaling pathways: a unifying hypothesis of type 2 diabetes.
2000 Golovchenko I Hyperinsulinemia enhances transcriptional activity of nuclear factor-kappaB induced by angiotensin II, hyperglycemia, and advanced glycosylation end products in vascular smooth muscle cells.
2003 Hink U Mechanisms underlying endothelial dysfunction in diabetes mellitus: therapeutic implications.
2004 Hirsch  Hirsch
1998 Hofmann MA Insufficient glycemic control increases nuclear factor-kappa B binding activity in peripheral blood mononuclear cells isolated from patients with type 1 diabetes.
2001 Jouven X Circulating nonesterified fatty acid level as a predictive risk factor for sudden death in the population.
2004 Kitabchi AE Diabetic ketoacidosis induces in vivo activation of human T-lymphocytes.
2005 Krankel N Hyperglycemia reduces survival and impairs function of circulating blood-derived progenitor cells.
2006 Kremen J Increased subcutaneous and epicardial adipose tissue production of proinflammatory cytokines in cardiac surgery patients: possible role in postoperative insulin resistance.
2004 Krogh-Madsen R Effect of hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia on the response of IL-6, TNF-alpha, and FFAs to low-dose endotoxemia in humans.
2005 Langouche L Intensive insulin therapy protects the endothelium of critically ill patients.
2004 LeRoith  Le Roith 2004
2006 Lindmark S Insulin resistance, endocrine function and adipokines in type 2 diabetes patients at different glycaemic levels: potential impact for glucotoxicity in vivo.
2005 Mabley JG Role of nitrosative stress and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activation in diabetic vascular dysfunction.
2002 Manzella D Elevated post-prandial free fatty acids are associated with cardiac sympathetic overactivity in Type II diabetic patients.
2004 Mesotten D Contribution of circulating lipids to the improved outcome of critical illness by glycemic control with intensive insulin therapy.
2006 Monnier L Activation of oxidative stress by acute glucose fluctuations compared with sustained chronic hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes.
2004 Monti LD Myocardial insulin resistance associated with chronic hypertriglyceridemia and increased FFA levels in Type 2 diabetic patients.
1998 Nilsson L Unsaturated fatty acids increase plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 expression in endothelial cells.
2004 Pickkers P Hypothesis: Normalisation of cytokine dysbalance explains the favourable effects of strict glucose regulation in the critically ill
2004 Piconi L Intermittent high glucose enhances ICAM-1, VCAM-1, E-selectin and interleukin-6 expression in human umbilical endothelial cells in culture: the role of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase.
2003 Quagliaro L Intermittent high glucose enhances apoptosis related to oxidative stress in human umbilical vein endothelial cells: the role of protein kinase C and NAD(P)H-oxidase activation.
2004 Robinson LE Insulin resistance and hyperglycemia in critical illness: role of insulin in glycemic control.
2005 Schalkwijk CG Vascular complications in diabetes mellitus: the role of endothelial dysfunction.
2003 Schiekofer S Acute hyperglycemia causes intracellular formation of CML and activation of ras, p42/44 MAPK, and nuclear factor kappaB in PBMCs.
2004 Simkova R Effect of acute hyperglycaemia on sodium handling and excretion of nitric oxide metabolites, bradykinin, and cGMP in Type 1 diabetes mellitus.
2003 Staehr P Effects of free fatty acids per se on glucose production, gluconeogenesis, and glycogenolysis.
1997 Steinberg HO Elevated circulating free fatty acid levels impair endothelium-dependent vasodilation.
2005 Stentz FB Hyperglycemia-induced activation of human T-lymphocytes with de novo emergence of insulin receptors and generation of reactive oxygen species.
2004 Stentz FB Proinflammatory cytokines, markers of cardiovascular risks, oxidative stress, and lipid peroxidation in patients with hyperglycemic crises.
2006 Sudic D High glucose levels enhance platelet activation: involvement of multiple mechanisms
2005 Taylor JH Hyperglycemia in the intensive care unit: no longer just a marker of illness severity.
2003 Tripathy D Elevation of free fatty acids induces inflammation and impairs vascular reactivity in healthy subjects.
2006 Vaidyula VR Effects of hyperglycemia and hyperinsulinemia on circulating tissue factor procoagulant activity and platelet CD40 ligand.
2005 Vanhorebeek I Glycemic and nonglycemic effects of insulin: how do they contribute to a better outcome of critical illness?
2007 Worthley MI The deleterious effects of hyperglycemia on platelet function in diabetic patients with acute coronary syndromes mediation by superoxide production, resolution with intensive insulin administration.
2006 Wright E Jr Oxidative stress in type 2 diabetes: the role of fasting and postprandial glycaemia.
2005 Xu B Inhibition of human endothelial cell nitric oxide synthesis by advanced glycation end-products but not glucose: relevance to diabetes.

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Clinical Evidence

Date Author Document
2007 AACE  References and Key Readings
Ace Position Statement 2004
2005 Ainla T The association between hyperglycaemia on admission and 180-day mortality in acute myocardial infarction patients with and without diabetes.
2007 Anthony M  Treatment of hypoglycemia in hospitalized adults: a descriptive study
2004 Antman EM ACC/AHA guidelines for the management of patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction--executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 1999 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction).
2006 Baker EH Hyperglycaemia is associated with poor outcomes in patients admitted to hospital with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
2004 Bartnik M The prevalence of abnormal glucose regulation in patients with coronary artery disease across Europe. The Euro Heart Survey on diabetes and the heart.
2007 Becker T  Clinical outcomes associated with the use of subcutaneous insulin-by-glucose sliding scales to manage hyperglycemia in hospitalized patients with pneumonia
2002 Bhattacharyya A In-patient management of diabetes mellitus and patient satisfaction.
2005 Bochicchio Persistent hyperglycemia is predictive of outcome in critically ill trauma patients.
2001 Bolk J Impaired glucose metabolism predicts mortality after a myocardial infarction.
1997 Braunwald E Shattuck lecture--cardiovascular medicine at the turn of the millennium: triumphs, concerns, and opportunities.
2008 Brunkhorst FM  Intensive insulin therapy and pentastarch resuscitation in severe sepsis
2001 Capes SE Stress hyperglycemia and prognosis of stroke in nondiabetic and diabetic patients: a systematic overview.
2000 Capes SE Stress hyperglycaemia and increased risk of death after myocardial infarction in patients with and without diabetes: a systematic overview.
2006 Cheung NW The Hyperglycemia: Intensive Insulin Infusion in Infarction (HI-5) study: a randomized controlled trial of insulin infusion therapy for myocardial infarction.
2005 Cheung NW Hyperglycemia is associated with adverse outcomes in patients receiving total parenteral nutrition.
2007 Clement S  Better glycemic control in the hospital: beneficial and feasible
2007 Cohen LS  Inpatient diabetes management: examining morning practice in an acute care setting
2005 Conaway DG Frequency of undiagnosed diabetes mellitus in patients with acute coronary syndrome.
2008 Cook CB  Beliefs about hospital diabetes and perceived barriers to glucose management among inpatient midlevel practitioners
2007 Cook CB  Diabetes care in hospitalized noncritically ill patients: More evidence for clinical inertia and negative therapeutic momentum
2007 Cook CB  Inpatient point-of-care bedside glucose testing: preliminary data on use of connectivity informatics to measure hospital glycemic control
2007 Cook CB  Management of inpatient hyperglycemia: assessing perceptions and barriers to care among resident physicians
2007 Cook CB  Working to improve care of hospital hyperglycemia through statewide collaboration: the georgia hospital association diabetes special interest group
2006 Donihi  Donihi 2006
2007 Elinav H  In-hospital treatment of hyperglycemia: effects of intensified subcutaneous insulin treatment
2003 Estrada CA Outcomes and perioperative hyperglycemia in patients with or without diabetes mellitus undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting.
2006 Fonseca  Newly diagnosed diabetes/hyperglycemia in hospitals: what should we do?
2006 Frontera JA Hyperglycemia after SAH: predictors, associated complications, and impact on outcome.
2004 Furnary  Furnary 2004
2003 Furnary AP Continuous insulin infusion reduces mortality in patients with diabetes undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting.
1999 Furnary AP Continuous intravenous insulin infusion reduces the incidence of deep sternal wound infection in diabetic patients after cardiac surgical procedures.
2007 Gandhi GY Intensive intraoperative insulin therapy versus conventional glucose management during cardiac surgery: a randomized trial.
2004 Garber  Garber 2004
2007 Gray  Gray 2007
2007 Green Conaway DL  Assessment of and physician response to glycemic control in diabetic patients presenting with an acute coronary syndrome
2004 Grey  Grey 2004
2007 Hassan E  Hyperglycemia management in the hospital setting
2007 Held C  Glucose levels predict hospitalization for congestive heart failure in patients at high cardiovascular risk
2006 Hirsch  Hirsch_2006
2004 Hirsch  Hirsch_2004
2007 Hovorka R  Blood glucose control by a model predictive control algorithm with variable sampling rate versus a routine glucose management protocol in cardiac surgery patients: a randomized controlled trial
2005 Ishihara M Acute hyperglycemia is associated with adverse outcome after acute myocardial infarction in the coronary intervention era.
2007 Karon BS  Accuracy of roche accu-chek inform whole blood capillary, arterial, and venous glucose values in patients receiving intensive intravenous insulin therapy after cardiac surgery
2008 Kitabchi AE  Evidence for strict inpatient blood glucose control: time to revise glycemic goals in hospitalized patients
2006 Knecht LA  Diabetes care in the hospital: is there clinical inertia?
2006 Korykowski  Korytkowski 2006
2005 Kosiborod M Admission glucose and mortality in elderly patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction: implications for patients with and without recognized diabetes.
2004 Krinsley JS Effect of an intensive glucose management protocol on the mortality of critically ill adult patients.
2003 Krinsley JS Association between hyperglycemia and increased hospital mortality in a heterogeneous population of critically ill patients.
2007 Lansang MC  Knowledge on inpatient diabetes among fourth-year medical students
2001 Latham R The association of diabetes and glucose control with surgical-site infections among cardiothoracic surgery patients.
2004 Lazar HL Tight glycemic control in diabetic coronary artery bypass graft patients improves perioperative outcomes and decreases recurrent ischemic events.
2004 Levetan  Levetan_2004
2003 Lewis EF Predictors of late development of heart failure in stable survivors of myocardial infarction: the CARE study.
2005 Lukins MB Hyperglycemia in patients administered dexamethasone for craniotomy.
2005 Malmberg K Intense metabolic control by means of insulin in patients with diabetes mellitus and acute myocardial infarction (DIGAMI 2): effects on mortality and morbidity.
2004 Malmberg  Malmberg_2004
1999 Malmberg K Glycometabolic state at admission: important risk marker of mortality in conventionally treated patients with diabetes mellitus and acute myocardial infarction: long-term results from the Diabetes and Insulin-Glucose Infusion in Acute Myocardial Infarction (DIGAMI) study.
1997 Malmberg K Prospective randomised study of intensive insulin treatment on long term survival after acute myocardial infarction in patients with diabetes mellitus. DIGAMI (Diabetes Mellitus, Insulin Glucose Infusion in Acute Myocardial Infarction) Study Group.
1995 Malmberg K Randomized trial of insulin-glucose infusion followed by subcutaneous insulin treatment in diabetic patients with acute myocardial infarction (DIGAMI study): effects on mortality at 1 year.
1988 Malmberg K Myocardial infarction in patients with diabetes mellitus.
2008 Matheny ME  Treatment intensification and blood glucose control among hospitalized diabetic patients
2005 McAlister FA The relation between hyperglycemia and outcomes in 2,471 patients admitted to the hospital with community-acquired pneumonia.
2005 Mehta SR Effect of glucose-insulin-potassium infusion on mortality in patients with acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: the CREATE-ECLA randomized controlled trial.
2008 Mills RD  Evaluation of diabetes management in a rural community hospital
2006 Moghissi  Moghissi 2006
2004 Moghissi Hospital Management of Diabetes
2004 Moghissi Hospital Management of Diabetes “Beyond the Sliding Scale"
2001 Mukamal KJ Impact of diabetes on long-term survival after acute myocardial infarction: comparability of risk with prior myocardial infarction.
2004 Norhammar A Diabetes mellitus: the major risk factor in unstable coronary artery disease even after consideration of the extent of coronary artery disease and benefits of revascularization.
2003 Norhammar AM Under utilisation of evidence-based treatment partially explains for the unfavourable prognosis in diabetic patients with acute myocardial infarction.
2002 Norhammar A Glucose metabolism in patients with acute myocardial infarction and no previous diagnosis of diabetes mellitus: a prospective study.
2006 Olson  Olson 2006
2006 Pittas AG  Insulin therapy and in-hospital mortality in critically ill patients: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
2004 Pittas AG Insulin therapy for critically ill hospitalized patients: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
1998 Pomposelli JJ Early postoperative glucose control predicts nosocomial infection rate in diabetic patients.
2005 Rady MY Influence of individual characteristics on outcome of glycemic control in intensive care unit patients with or without diabetes mellitus.
2007 Rea RS  Implementing an intravenous insulin infusion protocol in the intensive care unit
2007 Reed CC  Intensive insulin protocol improves glucose control and is associated with a reduction in intensive care unit mortality
2007 Reynolds LR  An institutional process to improve inpatient glycemic control
2002 Sala Short-term mortality of myocardial infarction patients with diabetes or hyperglycemia during admission
2006 Schmelz  Schmelz 2006
2004 Timmer Prognostic value of admission glucose in non-diabetic patients with myocardial infarction.
2008 Treggiari MM  Intensive insulin therapy and mortality in critically ill patients
2003 Trence DL The rationale and management of hyperglycemia for in-patients with cardiovascular disease: time for change.
2008 Trujillo JM  Improving glycemic control in medical inpatients: a pilot study
2007 Umpierrez GE  Randomized study of basal-bolus insulin therapy in the inpatient management of patients with type 2 diabetes (RABBIT 2 trial).
2007 Umpierrez GE  Sliding scale insulin use: myth or insanity?
2002 Umpierrez GE Hyperglycemia: an independent marker of in-hospital mortality in patients with undiagnosed diabetes.
2006 Van den Berghe G Analysis of healthcare resource utilization with intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients.
2006 Van den Berghe G Intensive insulin therapy in the medical ICU.
2005 Van den Berghe G Insulin therapy protects the central and peripheral nervous system of intensive care patients.
2003 Van den Berghe G Outcome benefit of intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill: Insulin dose versus glycemic control.
2001 Van den Berghe G Intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill patients.
2006 Vanhorebeek  Vanhorebeek 2006
2002 Wahab NN Is blood glucose an independent predictor of mortality in acute myocardial infarction in the thrombolytic era?
2007 Wheeler K  Inpatient to outpatient transfer of diabetes care: perceptions of barriers to postdischarge followup in urban African American patients
2003 Yendamuri S Admission hyperglycemia as a prognostic indicator in trauma.
1989 Young B Relationship between admission hyperglycemia and neurologic outcome of severely brain-injured patients.
1997 Zerr KJ Glucose control lowers the risk of wound infection in diabetics after open heart operations.

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Dietary / Nutrition

Date Author Document
2008 AACE  References and Key Readings
2004 ACE Task Force on Inpatient Diabetes  ACE Task Force on Inpatient Diabetes 2004
2006 ACE-ADA Task Force  ACE-ADA Task Force on Inpatient Diabetes 2006
2000 American Diabetes Association Translation of the diabetes nutrition recommendations for health care institutions.
2007 Boucher JL Inpatient management of diabetes and hyperglycemia: implications for nutrition practice and the food and nutrition professional.
2005 Cheung NW Hyperglycemia is associated with adverse outcomes in patients receiving total parenteral nutrition.
2004 Clement Management of diabetes and hyperglycemia in Hospitals
2007 Cohen LS  Inpatient diabetes management: examining morning practice in an acute care setting
2005 Leon-Sanz M Glycemic and lipid control in hospitalized type 2 diabetic patients: evaluation of 2 enteral nutrition formulas (low carbohydrate-high monounsaturated fat vs high carbohydrate).
2006 McMahon MM Glycemic control and nutrition in the intensive care unit
2005 Moghissi Hospital Management of Diabetes
2004 Moghissi Hospital Management of Diabetes “Beyond the Sliding Scale"
2006 Swift  Swift 2006
2006 Xia C Mealtimes in hospital--who does what?

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Glucometrics

Date Author Document
2008 AACE  Key Readings
2007 AACE  What Are Glucometrics
2004 ACE Task Force on Inpatient Diabetes  ACE Task Force on Inpatient Diabetes 2004
2006 ACE-ADA Task Force on Inpatient Diabetes  ACE-ADA Task Force on Inpatient Diabetes 2006
2005 Bergenstal RM Impact of modem-transferred blood glucose data on clinician work efficiency and patient glycemic control.
2007 Cook CB  Inpatient point-of-care bedside glucose testing: preliminary data on use of connectivity informatics to measure hospital glycemic control
2007 Dungan K Glucose measurement: confounding issues in setting targets for inpatient management.
2006 Goldberg PA "Glucometrics"--assessing the quality of inpatient glucose management.
2004 Goldberg PA Experience with the continuous glucose monitoring system in a medical intensive care unit
2007 JCAHO  Web-Based Glucometrics for Inpatients
2008 Kosiborod M  Glucometrics in patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction: defining the optimal outcomes-based measure of risk
2006 Peeples  Peeples 2006
2005 Rood E Use of a computerized guideline for glucose regulation in the intensive care unit improved both guideline adherence and glucose regulation.

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Glycemic Targets

Date Author Document
2004 ACE  ACE 2004
2004 ACE  ACE Position Statement 2004
2006 ACE-ADA Task Force on Inpatient Diabetes  ACE-ADA Task Force on Inpatient Diabetes 2006
2007 ADA  ADA Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes
2006 Hirsch  Hirsch 2006

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Health Economics & Administration

Date Author Document
2008 AACE  References and Key Readings
2004 Abourizk NN Inpatient diabetology. The new frontier.
2004 ACE ACE Position Statement 2004
2004 ACE  ACE Task Force on Inpatient Diabetes 2004
2006 ACE/ADA  ACE-ADA Task Force on Inpatient Diabetes 2006
2004 Ahmann  Ahmann 2004
2000 Capes SE Stress hyperglycaemia and increased risk of death after myocardial infarction in patients with and without diabetes: a systematic overview.
2004 Clement S Management of diabetes and hyperglycemia in hospitals.
2006 Devos P Is it time for implementation of tight glycaemia control by intensive insulin therapy in every ICU?
2003 Estrada CA Outcomes and perioperative hyperglycemia in patients with or without diabetes mellitus undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting.
2006 Falciglia  Falciglia 2006
2006 Furnary  Furnary 2006
2004 Furnary  Furnary 2004
2003 Furnary AP Continuous insulin infusion reduces mortality in patients with diabetes undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting.
1999 Furnary AP Continuous intravenous insulin infusion reduces the incidence of deep sternal wound infection in diabetic patients after cardiac surgical procedures.
2004 Garber  Garber 2004
2001 Gilman JA A quality improvement project for better glycemic control in hospitalized patients with diabetes.
2004 Grey  Grey 2004
2003 Hogan P Economic costs of diabetes in the US in 2002.
1997 Koproski J Effects of an intervention by a diabetes team in hospitalized patients with diabetes.
2006 Krinsley JS Cost analysis of intensive glycemic control in critically ill adult patients.
2004 Krinsley JS Effect of an intensive glucose management protocol on the mortality of critically ill adult patients.
2003 Krinsley JS Association between hyperglycemia and increased hospital mortality in a heterogeneous population of critically ill patients.
2004 Levetan  Levetan 2004
1998 Levetan CS Unrecognized diabetes among hospitalized patients
2001 Menzin J Potential short-term economic benefits of improved glycemic control: a managed care perspective.
2006 Newton  Newton 2006
2006 Olson  Olson 2006
2002 Umpierrez GE Hyperglycemia: an independent marker of in-hospital mortality in patients with undiagnosed diabetes.
2006 Van den Berghe G Analysis of healthcare resource utilization with intensive insulin therapy in critically ill patients.
2004 Van den Berghe  Van Den Berghe 2004
2001 Van den Berghe G Intensive insulin therapy in the critically ill patients.
2001 Wagner EH Effect of improved glycemic control on health care costs and utilization.
1997 Zerr KJ Glucose control lowers the risk of wound infection in diabetics after open heart operations.
2004   Diabetes QI program cuts complications by 60%

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Inpatient - ICU

Date Author Document
2008 AACE  Key References and Suggested Reading List
2004 ACE  ACE Position Statement 2004
2006 ACE-ADA  ACE-ADA 2006
2007 Anthony M  Treatment of hypoglycemia in hospitalized adults: a descriptive study
2004 Bode  Bode 2004
2006 Braithwaite  Braithwaite 2006
2004 Braithwaite  Braithwaite 2004
2008 Brunkhorst FM  Intensive insulin therapy and pentastarch resuscitation in severe sepsis
2004 Clement S Management of diabetes and hyperglycemia in hospitals.
2007 Cook  Cook 2007
2006 DeSantis  DeSantis 2006
2006 Furnary AP Effects of outcome on in-hospital transition from intravenous insulin infusion to subcutaneous therapy.
2006 Furnary  Furnary 2006
2004 Furnary  Furnary 2004
2006 Georgia Hospital Association Georgia Hospital Association Diabetes Special Interest Group Website
2006 Goldberg  Goldberg 2006
2004 Goldberg PA Implementation of a safe and effective insulin infusion protocol in a medical intensive care unit.
2006 Hellman  Hellman 2006
2004 Hellman  Hellman 2004
2006 Hirsch  Hirsch 2006
2007 Hovorka R  Blood glucose control by a model predictive control algorithm with variable sampling rate versus a routine glucose management protocol in cardiac surgery patients: a randomized controlled trial
2007 Karon BS  Accuracy of roche accu-chek inform whole blood capillary, arterial, and venous glucose values in patients receiving intensive intravenous insulin therapy after cardiac surgery
2006 Korytkowski  Korytkowski 2006
2008 Kosiborod M  Glucometrics in patients hospitalized with acute myocardial infarction: defining the optimal outcomes-based measure of risk
2005 Krinsley JS Effect of an intensive glucose management protocol on the mortality of critically ill adult patients.
2005 Ku SY New insulin infusion protocol Improves blood glucose control in hospitalized patients without increasing hypoglycemia.
2007 Langley J Insulin-based regimens decrease mortality rates in critically ill patients: a systematic review.
2004 Magee  Magee 2004
2005 Malmberg K Intense metabolic control by means of insulin in patients with diabetes mellitus and acute myocardial infarction (DIGAMI 2): effects on mortality and morbidity.
2004 Malmberg